Eeev, western equine encephalomyelitis virus weev, and venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus veev are related but genetically distinct alphaviruses. Encephalitis virus, venezuelan equine is a descriptor in the national library of medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, mesh medical subject headings. Tyler, in mandell, douglas, and bennetts principles and practice of infectious diseases eighth edition, 2015. Arboviruses are the most common cause of equine encephalitis, but rabies virus, sarcocystis. Other articles where venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is discussed. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis vee is caused by the vee virus. Carbocyclic cytosine carbodine has broadspectrum activity but toxicity has limited its utility.
Encephalitis virus, venezuelan equine colorado profiles. Eastern equine encephalitis eastern equine encephalitis. Equine encephalitis definition is any of three virus diseases chiefly of equines and humans in various parts of north and south america that are transmitted especially by mosquitoes, are characterized in humans by flulike symptoms which often progress to encephalitis and sometimes to coma and death, and are caused by three togaviruses species eastern equine encephalitis virus, venezuelan. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus veev is a neurotropic virus that causes significant disease in both humans and equines. Corporate authormonitoring agency, subject, and personal author indexes are provided. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus veev may cause encephalitis in humans, for which no fdaapproved antiviral treatment is available. Equine encephalitides can be clinically similar, usually cause diffuse encephalomyelitis see meningitis, encephalitis, and encephalomyelitis and meningoencephalomyelitis, and are characterized by signs of cns dysfunction and moderate to high mortality. Protection from peripheral inoculation or natural alphavirus infection depends mostly on the. Pdf venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection of. The highlands j virus can cause disease in turkeys.
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus veev is an important animal and human pathogen found only in the americas the new world. Department of agriculture eastern equine encephalomyelitis. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection of spiny. Vee can affect all equine species, such as horses, donkeys. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is a mosquitoborne viral pathogen that causes. Venezuelan definition of venezuelan by the free dictionary. Healthy adults who become infected may experience flulike symptoms, such as high fevers and headaches. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus veev is the most common arboviral cause of encephalitis in latin america along with eastern eeev and western weev equine encephalitis viruses that cause human disease mainly in. The proportional mortality rate in affected equids can be 2085%. This disease is called venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, and it is also often called venezuelan equine encephalitis. Find out information about equine encephalomyelitis virus. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is a mosquitoborne viral pathogen that causes venezuelan equine encephalitis or encephalomyelitis vee.
What are synonyms for venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. Descriptors are arranged in a hierarchical structure, which enables searching at various levels of specificity. Serum samples were first tested against the major neurotropic viruses infecting horses, including eastern equine encephalomyelitis, western equine encephalomyelitis, and venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. Pathology and pathogenesis of human viral disease, 2000.
Safety and immunogenicity of venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis vaccine in healthy adults vee. Historically, vee complex viruses have caused recurring outbreaks of human and equine encephalitis in central and south america as well as mexico, with at least one outbreak resulting in movement of the. Eee virus is a rare cause of brain infections encephalitis. Role of alphabeta interferon in venezuelan equine encephalitis virus pathogenesis. May 21, 2018 venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis vee vaccine, inactivated, dried, c84, tsigsd 205, lot 7, run 1, to be administered as doses of 0. Enzootic strains of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus veev circulate in forested habitats of mexico, central, and south america, and spiny rats proechimys spp. Vaccinations of equines with the tc83 vaccine and protection against mosquitoes protective clothing. Venezuelan synonyms, venezuelan pronunciation, venezuelan translation, english dictionary definition of venezuelan. The venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis complex contains a number of viruses, which have been classified into 6 viral subtypes, i to vi, with subtype i further subdivided into five antigenic variants or serovars, ab to f.
The entries were selected from references processed into the ad data bank from january 1953 to august 1971. Natural enzootic vectors of venezuelan equine encephalitis. You can support us by purchasing something through our amazonurl, thanks. Usda prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus was isolated from all four patients. The presence of antibodies against wnv was evaluated using the cf test and by an immunoglobulin igg enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. Strains of venezuelan equine encephalitis vee, western equine encephalitis wee, and eastern equine encephalitis eee virus can also cause disease in humans. Equine encephalomyelitis, venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus diseases central.
In the late 1960s some 200,000 people in central colombia were infected with the venezuelan strain, which had also spread. Safety and immunogenicity study of venezuelan equine. Dec 03, 2019 eastern equine encephalitis virus eeev is a member of the genus alphavirus, family togaviridae. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis is a mosquitoborne viral infection that can cause severe encephalitis in horses and humans. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is an alphavirus that was originally isolated from the brains of dead horses. To assess the impact of continuing circulation of vee virus veev on human and animal populations, serologic and. What are synonyms for equine encephalomyelitis virus.
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viruses the venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis vee complex contains at least 8 viral subtypes. Venezuelan equine encephalitis is an acute viral disease characterized by fever, chills, headache, nausea, vomiting, lumbosacral pain, and myalgia, which may progress to encephalitis. Overview of equine arboviral encephalomyelitis nervous. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus atcc vr1250caf. Only a few cases are reported in the united states each year. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus pathogen britannica. Synonyms for venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in free thesaurus. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus veev has caused sporadic outbreaks since the early part of the 20th century, with some epidemics affecting 100,000 persons. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis synonyms, venezuelan. Arboviruses are highly endemic to the region, particularly oropouche virus and venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. By using homologous sequences of venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus as an outgroup, phylogenetic trees revealed three main eee virus monophyletic groups. Background the eastern equine encephalitis eee and venezuelan equine encephalitis vee viruses are pathogens that infect humans and horses in the americas. Eastern, western and venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis result from infection by the respectively named viruses in the genus alphavirus family togaviridae. Estradafranco j g, navarrolopez r et al 2004 venezualan equine encephalitis virus, southern mexico.
In the human literature, the disease is usually called eastern, western or venezuelan equine encephalitis. Eastern westernvenezuelan equine encephalomyelitis aaep. Eastern equine encephalitis virus eeev is a member of the genus alphavirus, family togaviridae. It is 70 nm in diameter and has an enveloped single stranded rna genome 2, 3. Venezuelan equine encephalitis vee is an emerging disease that affected humans and equines in many parts of the americas throughout the 20th century 16. The venezuelan equine encephalitis virus was first isolated and fully characterized in 1938. It can also occasionally cause disease in other mammals and birds. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, veev, vee, venezuelan equine fever, arbovirus. Vee virus venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. All equine species are susceptible to vee, and humans can also contract this disease. Evolution and spread of venezuelan equine encephalitis complex. To atcc valued customers, atcc stands ready to support our customers needs during the coronavirus pandemic. In the united states, equine alphavirus encephalitides for which vaccines are available include eastern equine encephalomyelitis eee, western equine encephalomyelitis wee, and venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis vee.
Venezuela a country of northern south america on the caribbean sea. To characterize the transmission cycle of enzootic venezuelan equine encephalitis virus veev strains believed to represent an epizootic progenitor, we identified natural vectors in a sylvatic focus in the middle magdalena valley of colombia. Live, attenuated, dried tc83, ndbr 102, lot 4, run 3, and collect data on the incidence of occupational vee virus infection in vaccinated personnel. Depending on the subtype, veev maintains either an enzootic or an epizootic life cycle. Vaccines for venezuelan equine encephalitis ncbi nih. Other medically important alphaviruses found in the americas include, venezuelan equine encephalitis virus veev, chikungunya virus chikv, mayaro virus mayv, and madariaga madv. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, vaccine, strain. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus an overview sciencedirect. Venezuelan equine encephalitis vee is an emerging zoonotic arboviral disease that affects equines and humans in the americas. The pathogenesis of venezuelan equine encephalitis vee virus infection was compared in intraperitoneally inoculated mice n 24, 6 to 8 weeks old and hamsters n 9, 90110 g using histopathology and immunohistochemical localization of vee virus antigen. Eastern equine encephalitis virus eev western eev venezuelan eev.
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is an exception, for it uniquely infects and destroys lymphoid and myeloid cells indiscriminately in its natural host, the horse, as well as in a variety of small experimental animals. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus atcc vr1250af designation. To assess the impact of continuing circulation of vee virus veev on human and animal populations, serologic and viral isolation studies were conducted in 2000 to 2001 in chiapas state. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, southern mexico. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus veev is the most common arboviral. Ricohesse r 2000 venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. Approach to strain selection and the propagation of viral stocks for. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection of spiny rats.
Ken alibek in the cold war soviet weapons programs. Reemergence of epidemic venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in south america. Here we characterized the impact of veev on signaling pathways. Wee have been recorded more commonly in the western us. Phase 2 openlabel safety and immunogenicity study of the venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis vee vaccine, inactivated, dried, c84, tsigsd 205, lot 7, run 1, as booster vaccination in adult subjects at risk of exposure to venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. The disease is transmitted by mosquitoes, and hence is an arbovirus arthropodborne. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in a horse from california. Western eev is a recombinant between an eastern eevlike virus and a sindbislike virus. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus immune ascitic fluid v532711562, venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus application. The bibliography is a compilation of unclassified citations to reports on venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. Veev is actually a complex of 7 different species as well as multiple subtypes and varieties 3. Inhabited by a variety of arawakan and other peoples, the region was visited by columbus. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus atcc vr1250af. Eastern equine encephalitis eastern equine encephalitis cdc.
Equine encephalitis definition of equine encephalitis by. Eastern equine encephalitis eee and venezuelan equine encephalitis vee viruses, alphaviruses that are members of the togaviridae family, are important causes of febrile illness and. Encephalomyelitis means inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. Sep 15, 2016 venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is a mosquitoborne viral pathogen that causes venezuelan equine encephalitis or encephalomyelitis. Equine viral encephalomyelitis can be fatal, although some animals. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is an exception, for it uniquely infects and. Eastern eev has north and south american antigenic variants. Eee was first recognized in massachusetts, united states, in 1831, when 75 horses died mysteriously of viral. Synonyms for equine encephalomyelitis virus in free thesaurus. Hamsterbaited traps were placed into an active forest focus, and mosquitoes collected from each trap in which a hamster became. This spherical arbovirus belongs to the togaviridae family and is an alphavirus. Evolution and spread of venezuelan equine encephalitis. Author summary the venezuelan equine encephalitis vee complex comprises a broadly distributed group of alphaviruses in the americas that have the potential to emerge and cause severe disease.
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in horses vetlexicon. Historically, vee complex viruses have caused recurring outbreaks of human and equine encephalitis in central and south america as well as mexico, with at least one outbreak. Venezuelan equine encephalitis vee complex alphaviruses are. Treatment of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection. Eastern equine encephalitis eee, commonly called triple e or sleeping sickness not to be confused with african trypanosomiasis, is a disease caused by a zoonotic mosquito vectored togavirus that is present in north, central, and south america, and the caribbean. Equine epizootics of venezuelan equine encephalitis vee occurred in the southern mexican states of chiapas in 1993 and oaxaca in 1996. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus listed as veev. In the united states, equine encephalitides for which vaccines are available include eastern equine encephalomyelitis eee, western equine encephalomyelitis wee, venezuelan.
Vee can affect all equine species, such as horses, donkeys, and zebras. In 1943, the first description of vee infection in humans was recorded. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is a mosquitoborne viral pathogen that causes venezuelan equine encephalitis or encephalomyelitis. Apr 15, 2016 venezuelan equine encephalitis is an acute viral disease characterized by fever, chills, headache, nausea, vomiting, lumbosacral pain, and myalgia, which may progress to encephalitis. Find details on venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in horses including diagnosis and symptoms, active forms, resting forms, clinical effects.
Western eev also has two antigenic subtypes wee and highlands j viruses. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in horses. It is caused by the venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and is a significant disease in the americas. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is a mosquitoborne. Skip directly to site content skip directly to page options skip directly to az link.
The clinical observations of four human cases of infection with the venezuelan equine encephalitis virus are described. The etiologic agent is vee virus veev, a positivesense rna virus in the family togaviridae and genus alphavirus. Equine encephalomyelitis virus article about equine. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus atcc vr1250caf designation. Pathogenesis of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus how is venezuelan.
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